Investir no mercado dos Estados Unidos é uma opção cada vez mais popular entre os brasileiros que buscam diversificar seus investimentos. Corretoras como Avenue, Tastytrade e Interactive Brokers facilitam esse acesso. No entanto, é fundamental entender como funciona a sucessão patrimonial e o imposto sobre herança para evitar surpresas e garantir que seus herdeiros recebam o patrimônio de forma adequada.
Este artigo explica de maneira simples e detalhada como funciona o processo de sucessão e a tributação sobre herança para brasileiros que investem nos EUA, tanto em contas individuais quanto em contas conjuntas, conhecidas como JTWROS (Joint Tenants with Right of Survivorship).
Imposto sobre Herança nos Estados Unidos
1. Aplicação do Imposto
- Quem é afetado: Brasileiros que não são residentes nos Estados Unidos, mas possuem investimentos lá, estão sujeitos ao imposto sobre herança americano em caso de falecimento.
- Quais ativos são tributados: Ações de empresas americanas, títulos do governo dos EUA e dinheiro em contas de investimento em corretoras americanas são considerados ativos situados nos EUA e, portanto, sujeitos ao imposto.
2. Isenção Fiscal Reduzida
- Valor da isenção: Para não residentes, a isenção é de apenas US$ 60.000. Ou seja, somente os primeiros US$ 60.000 estão isentos do imposto; o valor que exceder esse montante é tributado.
- Taxas progressivas: O imposto é calculado de forma progressiva, com alíquotas que aumentam conforme o valor dos ativos.
3. Tabela Completa do Imposto sobre Herança nos EUA
A tabela abaixo mostra como o imposto é calculado sobre o valor dos ativos que excedem a isenção de US$ 60.000:
Valor Tributável (acima de US$ 60.000) | Imposto Base | Alíquota sobre o Excedente |
---|---|---|
Até US$ 10.000 | US$ 0 | 18% |
De US$ 10.000 a US$ 20.000 | US$ 1.800 | 20% |
De US$ 20.000 a US$ 40.000 | US$ 3.800 | 22% |
De US$ 40.000 a US$ 60.000 | US$ 8.200 | 24% |
De US$ 60.000 a US$ 80.000 | US$ 13.000 | 26% |
De US$ 80.000 a US$ 100.000 | US$ 18.200 | 28% |
De US$ 100.000 a US$ 150.000 | US$ 23.800 | 30% |
De US$ 150.000 a US$ 250.000 | US$ 38.800 | 32% |
De US$ 250.000 a US$ 500.000 | US$ 70.800 | 34% |
De US$ 500.000 a US$ 750.000 | US$ 155.800 | 37% |
De US$ 750.000 a US$ 1.000.000 | US$ 248.300 | 39% |
Acima de US$ 1.000.000 | US$ 345.800 | 40% |
Como usar a tabela:
- Calcule o valor tributável: Subtraia US$ 60.000 (isenção) do total dos ativos nos EUA.
- Encontre a faixa na tabela: Localize a faixa que corresponde ao seu valor tributável.
- Calcule o imposto:
- Use o Imposto Base da faixa.
- Calcule o imposto sobre o valor que excede o limite inferior da faixa, multiplicando pela Alíquota sobre o Excedente.
- Some o Imposto Base com o valor calculado sobre o excedente.
Exemplo:
- Valor total dos ativos nos EUA: US$ 500.000
- Valor tributável: US$ 500.000 – US$ 60.000 = US$ 440.000
- Faixa na tabela: De US$ 250.000 a US$ 500.000
- Imposto Base: US$ 70.800
- Valor excedente na faixa: US$ 440.000 – US$ 250.000 = US$ 190.000
- Imposto sobre o excedente: US$ 190.000 x 34% = US$ 64.600
- Imposto total devido: US$ 70.800 + US$ 64.600 = US$ 135.400
4. Ausência de Acordo para Evitar Dupla Tributação
- Brasil e EUA: Não existe um acordo entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos para evitar a dupla tributação sobre herança. Isso significa que os herdeiros podem ter que pagar impostos nos dois países sobre o mesmo patrimônio.
Sucessão Patrimonial em Contas Individuais
1. Procedimentos Legais nos EUA
- Notificação à corretora: Os herdeiros devem informar à corretora americana sobre o falecimento do titular.
- Processo de inventário nos EUA: É necessário iniciar um processo judicial chamado “probate” para transferir legalmente os ativos para os herdeiros.
- Contratação de advogado nos EUA: É essencial contratar um advogado especializado em direito sucessório nos Estados Unidos para auxiliar no processo.
2. Etapas do Processo
- Documentação necessária: Certidão de óbito, documentos pessoais do falecido e dos herdeiros, entre outros.
- Cálculo e pagamento do imposto: O imposto sobre herança deve ser calculado e pago ao Fisco americano (IRS) em até 9 meses após o falecimento.
- Transferência dos ativos: Após a conclusão do inventário e o pagamento dos impostos, os ativos podem ser transferidos para os herdeiros ou liquidados e o valor em dinheiro transferido.
3. Obrigações no Brasil
- Declaração à Receita Federal: Os herdeiros devem declarar a herança recebida na Declaração de Imposto de Renda.
- Pagamento do ITCMD: O Imposto sobre Transmissão Causa Mortis e Doação é devido ao estado onde o herdeiro reside.
Contas Conjuntas – JTWROS (Proprietários Conjuntos com Direito de Sobrevivência)
1. Características das Contas JTWROS
- Transferência automática: Em caso de falecimento de um dos titulares, a propriedade dos ativos passa automaticamente para o sobrevivente, sem necessidade de inventário nos EUA.
- Evita o processo judicial nos EUA: Simplifica a transferência, mas não elimina obrigações fiscais.
2. Implicações Fiscais nos EUA
- Presunção do Fisco americano: O IRS presume que 100% dos ativos pertenciam ao falecido, a menos que o sobrevivente comprove que contribuiu financeiramente para a aquisição dos ativos.
- Imposto sobre herança: A parcela atribuída ao falecido está sujeita ao imposto, seguindo a mesma tabela progressiva.
3. Procedimentos Práticos
- Notificação à corretora: O co-titular sobrevivente deve informar o falecimento e fornecer a certidão de óbito.
- Comprovação de contribuição financeira: Para reduzir o imposto, o sobrevivente deve provar quanto investiu nos ativos.
- Consultoria jurídica: Mesmo sem inventário, é recomendável consultar um advogado nos EUA para garantir o cumprimento das obrigações fiscais.
4. Obrigações no Brasil
- Declaração à Receita Federal: O co-titular sobrevivente deve declarar o recebimento dos ativos na sua Declaração de Imposto de Renda.
- Pagamento do ITCMD: Pode ser devido sobre a parcela recebida, dependendo da legislação estadual.
Planejamento Sucessório: Estratégias e Recomendações
1. Planejamento Antecipado
- Evite complicações: Planejar com antecedência pode evitar processos judiciais complexos e custos elevados.
- Proteção do patrimônio: Garantir que seus herdeiros receberão os ativos de forma eficiente.
2. Consultoria Especializada
- Advogados e contadores: Profissionais com experiência em direito internacional e tributação podem ajudar a estruturar seus investimentos de forma segura.
3. Estruturas Alternativas
- Trusts (Fideicomissos): Instrumento jurídico que permite que um terceiro administre os ativos em benefício dos herdeiros. Pode evitar o inventário nos EUA, mas tem complexidades legais no Brasil.
- Holdings internacionais: Criar uma empresa no exterior para deter os ativos. Pode facilitar a transferência, mas envolve custos e obrigações legais.
- Seguros de vida: O valor recebido do seguro não é considerado herança e geralmente não está sujeito ao imposto sobre herança nos EUA.
Outros Pontos Importantes
1. Variação Cambial
- Impacto no imposto: A variação do dólar pode afetar o valor dos ativos e, consequentemente, o imposto devido.
- Conversão de valores: Para fins fiscais no Brasil, os valores devem ser convertidos para reais usando a cotação oficial na data relevante.
2. Declaração de Bens no Exterior
- Obrigação anual: Brasileiros com ativos no exterior devem declarar esses bens à Receita Federal, independente do valor.
- Declaração ao Banco Central: Se o valor dos ativos no exterior exceder US$ 1 milhão, é obrigatório declarar ao Banco Central anualmente.
3. Atualização das Leis
- Leis podem mudar: As legislações fiscais nos EUA e no Brasil estão sujeitas a alterações. É importante manter-se atualizado.
- Consultoria contínua: Manter contato regular com profissionais especializados é essencial.
Conclusão
Investir nos Estados Unidos pode trazer diversos benefícios, mas é fundamental estar ciente das obrigações legais e fiscais, especialmente no que diz respeito à sucessão patrimonial e ao imposto sobre herança. Seja em contas individuais ou conjuntas, é importante planejar com antecedência e buscar orientação especializada para proteger seu patrimônio e facilitar a transferência para seus herdeiros.
Recomendações finais:
- Planeje antecipadamente: Não deixe para depois o que pode ser resolvido agora.
- Busque ajuda profissional: Consulte advogados e contadores com experiência em investimentos internacionais.
- Mantenha-se informado: Esteja sempre atento às mudanças na legislação.
Fontes e Referências
- Serviço de Receita Federal dos EUA (IRS):
- Formulário 706-NA – Declaração de Imposto sobre Herança para não residentes.
- Instruções do Formulário 706-NA, incluindo a tabela de taxas aplicável.
- Receita Federal do Brasil:
- Orientações sobre a declaração de bens no exterior.
- Regulamentações sobre o Imposto sobre Transmissão Causa Mortis e Doação (ITCMD).
- Legislação Estadual:
- Leis estaduais que regulamentam o ITCMD e outros aspectos relacionados à herança.
Aviso Legal: Este artigo tem finalidade informativa e não constitui aconselhamento legal ou fiscal. Cada situação é única e requer análise individualizada. Recomenda-se a consulta a profissionais qualificados para orientações específicas.
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